Digital transformation of tourist information centres in Slovakia

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5937/menhottur2600009P

Keywords:

digitalisation, digital transformation, hierarchical cluster analysis, tourist information centres

Abstract

Purpose – Digital transformation, a key trend in the global tourism environment, is becoming increasingly accessible and urgent for smaller players, including tourist information centres (TICs), due to technological advances and the development of smart infrastructure. The aim of this study is to examine the level of digitalisation of TICs in Slovakia and to identify typologically distinct groups based on their approaches to implementing digital technologies, the services they provide, the perceived benefits, and the planned innovations in digital transformation. Methodology – The research sample consisted of 52 TICs. Primary data were collected between April and June 2025 through in-person visits and an online questionnaire survey. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward’s method was applied to identify groups of TICs with similar characteristics in terms of digital technology implementation and service provision. Findings – The analysis revealed three clusters: 17 digitally advanced “leaders”, 25 moderately digitised “followers”, and 10 minimally digitised “laggards”. These results indicate considerable heterogeneity in digital maturity levels among TICs and differences in their adoption of digital solutions. Implications – The findings highlight the need for targeted support for less digitally developed centres and provide practical insights for designing effective digital transformation strategies in tourism.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abayadeera, M. R., & Ganegoda, G. U. (2024). Digital twin technology: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 10, 1485–1504. https://doi.org/10.61137/ijsret.vol.10.issue4.199

AICES. (2018). Metodická príručka pre turistické informačné centrá [Methodological guide for tourist information centers]. Retrieved April 2, 2026 from www.aices.sk

Aliyah, Lukita, C., Pangilinan, G. A., Chakim, M. H. R., & Saputra, D. B. (2023). Examining the impact of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things on smart tourism destinations: A comprehensive study. Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship, 5, 135. https://doi.org/10.34306/att.v5i2sp.332

Barashok, I. V., Rudenko, L. L., Shumakova, E., & Orlovskaia, I. V. (2021). Digitization: New possibilities for the tourism industry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 666(6), 062059. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/666/6/062059

Beták, N., Csapó, J., Horváth, Á., & Dávid, L. D. (2023). Virtual tour as a virtual experience of destination management organisations in Slovakia. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 47(2), 508–514. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.47218-1050

Calvaresi, D., Ibrahim, A., Calbimonte, J.-P., Schegg, R., Fragnière, E., & Schumacher, M. (2021). The evolution of chatbots in tourism: A systematic literature review. In W. Wörndl, C. Koo, & J. L. Stienmetz (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021 (pp. 3–16). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_1

Chon, K., & Hao, F. (2024). Technological evolution in tourism: A Horizon 2050 perspective. Tourism Review, 80(1), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-10-2023-0753

Cuomo, M. T., Tortora, D., Foroudi, P., Giordano, A., Festa, G., & Metallo, G. (2021). Digital transformation and tourist experience co-design: Big social data for planning cultural tourism. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120345

D’Ambra, J., & Mistilis, N. (2010). Assessing the e-capability of visitor information centers. Journal of Travel Research, 49, 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509337415

Destination British Columbia. (2022). Visitor services digital & social media playbook. Destination BC.

European Commission. (2022). Transition pathway for tourism. Publications Office of the European Union.

European Commission. (2023). 2023 leading examples of smart tourism practices in Europe. Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved April 2, 2026 from https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-02/2023-leading-practices-in-smart-tourism.pdf

Everitt, B. S., Landau, S., Leese, M., & Stahl, D. (2011). Cluster analysis. Wiley.

Florido-Benítez, L. (2024). The use of digital twins to address smart tourist destinations’ future challenges. Platforms, 2(4), 234–254. https://doi.org/10.3390/platforms2040016

Galvão, A., Brito e Abreu, F., & Joanaz de Melo, J. (2024). Towards a consensual definition for smart tourism and smart tourism tools. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.10830

Glaessgen, E. H., & Stargel, D. S. (2012). The digital twin paradigm for future NASA and U.S. Air Force vehicles. 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference (p. 1818). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1818

Government of India, Ministry of Tourism. (2022). Report on National Digital Tourism Mission. Retrieved April 2, 2026 from https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/National%20Digital%20Tourism%20Mission_2022.pdf

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. Cengage.

Hartmann, D., & van der Auweraer, H. (2020). Digital twins. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2001.09747

Jones, D. E., Snider, C., Kent, L., & Hicks, B. (2019). Early stage digital twins for early stage engineering design. Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED19) (Vol. 1, pp. 755–764). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.262

Kalbaska, N., Janowski, T., Estevez, E., & Cantoni, L. (2017). When digital government matters for tourism: A stakeholder analysis. Information Technology & Tourism, 17(3), 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-017-0087-2

Kalia, P., Mladenović, D., & Acevedo-Duque, Á. (2022). Decoding the trends and the emerging research directions of digital tourism in the last three decades: A bibliometric analysis. SAGE Open, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221128179

Leung, K. H., Choy, K. L., & Lam, H. Y. (2019). An intelligent order allocation system for effective order fulfilment under changing customer demand. MATEC Web of Conferences, 255, Article 02002. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925502002

Martín Lucas, M., Moreno-Luna, L., Roets, A. O. S. B., & Al-Jaberi, S. (2024). Technological, organisational and environmental drivers of sustainability in hotels. South African Journal of Business Management, 55(1), a4815. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v55i1.4815

Ministerstvo hospodárstva Slovenskej republiky (MH SR). (2018). Akčný plán inteligentného priemyslu SR [Action plan for smart industry in the Slovak Republic]. Retrieved April 2, 2026 from https://www.mhsr.sk/uploads/files/8U6RKSS5.pdf

Ministerstvo investícií, regionálneho rozvoja a informatizácie SR (MIRRI SR). (2019). Stratégia digitálnej transformácie Slovenska 2030 [Slovak digital transformation strategy 2030]. Retrieved April 2, 2026 from https://mirri.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SDT-English-Version-FINAL.pdf

Ministerstvo školstva, vedy, výskumu a športu Slovenskej republiky (MŠVVaŠ SR). (2020). Národná stratégia digitálnych zručností Slovenskej republiky [National strategy for digital skills of the Slovak Republic]. Retrieved April 2, 2026 from https://www.minedu.sk/data/files/11044_strategia-celozivotneho-vzdelavania-a-poradenstva-na-roky-2021-2030.pdf

Мустафаева, З. А., Таппасханова, Е. О., & Thamitlokova, Yu. O. (2020). Digitalization of tourism: Creating tourist information center. Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: From Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200502.074

Nikopoulou, M., Kourouthanassis, P., Chasapi, G., Pateli, A., & Mylonas, N. (2023). Determinants of digital transformation in the hospitality industry: Technological, organizational, and environmental drivers. Sustainability, 15(3), 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032736

Pfaff, Y. M., Schlicht, A. J., Münch, C., & Küffner, C. (2023). How digital transformation impacts organizational culture: A multi-hierarchical perspective on the manufacturing sector. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 183, 109432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109432

Rodrigues, V., Eusébio, C., & Breda, Z. (2022). Enhancing sustainable development through tourism digitalisation: A systematic literature review. Information Technology & Tourism, 25(1), 13–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-022-00241-w

Sampaio de Almeida, D., Brito e Abreu, F., & Boavida-Portugal, I. (2025). Digital twins in tourism: A systematic literature review. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.00002

Sani, S., Schaefer, D., & Milisavljevic-Syed, J. (2022). Utilising digital twins for increasing military supply chain visibility. Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering: Advances in Manufacturing Technology XXXV (Vol. 25, pp. 225–232). IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/ATDE220595

Topsakal, Y., İçöz, O., & İçöz, O. (2021). Digital transformation and tourist experiences. Advances in Hospitality, Tourism and the Services Industry (AHTSI) (p. 19). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8528-3.ch002

Tornatzky, L. G., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The processes of technological innovation. Lexington Books.

Trauer, J., Schweigert-Recksiek, S., Engel, C., Spreitzer, K., & Zimmermann, M. (2020). What is a digital twin? Definitions and insights from an industrial case study in technical product development. Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference (Vol. 1, pp. 757–766). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.15

VisitScotland. (2024). Scotland’s digital first visitor information strategy. VisitScotland.

Zhou, X., & Zhang, M. (2025). Fusion of virtual human guides and digital twins in building a tourism metaverse: A research on cultural tourism product development based on multimodal interaction and intelligent dissemination paths. Applied and Computational Engineering, 163. Retrieved April 2, 2026 from https://www.ewadirect.com/proceedings/ace/article/view/24193

Published

2026-07-16

How to Cite

Pančíková, K., Beták, N., Matušíková, D., & Dzurov Vargová, T. (2026). Digital transformation of tourist information centres in Slovakia. Hotel and Tourism Management. https://doi.org/10.5937/menhottur2600009P

Issue

Section

Accepted Articles

Metrics